1- Font spacing
The vertical and horizontal spacing of a font is often altered to change its appearance.
kerning leading tracking

a- Kerning
Kerning is the adjustment of space between pairs of letters in the same word. Certain pairs of letters create awkward spaces, and kerning adds or subtracts space between them to create more visually appealing and readable text.

b- Leading
Pronounced “ledding,” leading (also known as line-height) is the space between two lines of text.

c- Tracking
Not to be confused with kerning, tracking is the adjustment of space for groups of letters and entire blocks of text. Tracking affects every character in the selected text and is used to change its overall appearance.

2- Font case
Typically, characters are available in two forms.

a- Uppercase
The large, capital letters of a typeface are uppercase. They’re also used by your mom to accidentally YELL AT YOU WHEN SHE TEXTS YOU.

b- Lowercase
Lowercase refers to the small letters of a typeface.

c- Small caps
Small caps—or small capitals—are uppercase characters that are the same height as lowercase letters. They are used to prevent capitalized words from appearing too large on the page. Want an example? Open just about any book and look at the opening words of a chapter.

3- Font style
Beyond spacing and case, fonts can also be altered by scale, weight and style.

a- Point size
Point size is the size of text. There are approximately 72 (72.272) points in one inch.

b- Font weight
 Font weight specifies the boldness of a font.

c- Italics
When characters slope to the right, they’re in italics, a visual technique used to draw attention to specific words or sentences within a paragraph.

4- Widows & orphans
Widows and orphans make designers very sad. That’s because they are poor, lonely words at the beginning or end of a paragraph left dangling at the top or bottom of a column and separated from the rest of the paragraph.

5- Lorem ipsum
Lorem ipsum (also known as dummy text) is used as a placeholder that will be swapped out later with actual copy. The Lorem ipsum text comes from “The Extremes of Good and Evil,” written by Cicero in 45 BCE.